Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus): Anthocyanin Antioxidant for Eyes and Circulation

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) is the European cousin of the cultivated blueberry — a small, dark, intensely pigmented wild berry whose deep blue-purple flesh is packed with anthocyanins, the flavonoid pigments that give it both its color and its antioxidant power. Bilberry is most famous for the (largely mythical) story that World War II RAF pilots ate bilberry jam to sharpen their night vision, and that legend launched decades of research into the berry's effects on the eye, the retina, and the small blood vessels (microcirculation) that anthocyanins seem to protect. Modern evidence is more measured than the myth, but bilberry anthocyanins do show real, mechanistically grounded benefits for capillary integrity, venous tone, eye strain, blood-sugar regulation, and inflammation — making bilberry one of the better-studied dietary anthocyanin sources in the antioxidant world.

Table of Contents

1. What Bilberry Is (Vaccinium myrtillus)
2. Bilberry vs. Blueberry
3. Anthocyanins & the Antioxidant Mechanism
4. The WWII RAF Night-Vision Story
5. Benefit: Eye Health, Retina & Night Vision
6. Benefit: Microcirculation & Venous Tone
7. Benefit: Blood Sugar & Metabolic Effects
8. Benefit: Anti-Inflammatory & Vascular Protection
9. Forms & Standardization (% Anthocyanins)
10. Recommended Dosage
11. Cautions and Contraindications
12. Key Research Papers
13. Connections
14. Featured Videos

What Bilberry Is (Vaccinium myrtillus)

Bilberry is the fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus, a low-growing deciduous shrub in the heath family (Ericaceae) native to the heaths, moorlands, and coniferous forests of northern and central Europe, reaching into northern Asia. It is known by many regional names — European blueberry, whortleberry, huckleberry, blaeberry (Scotland), and myrtille (France). The plant rarely exceeds 35–60 cm in height and produces small, round, near-black berries roughly 5–9 mm across that ripen in mid- to late summer.

Bilberry has never been successfully domesticated on a commercial scale the way the North American highbush blueberry has. It resists cultivation because it depends on specific mycorrhizal soil fungi and acidic, nutrient-poor woodland conditions. As a result, virtually all bilberries are wild-harvested by hand or with traditional berry rakes, primarily in Scandinavia, the Baltic states, Poland, and Russia. This wild origin is part of why bilberry commands a premium and why standardized extract — rather than fresh fruit — is the dominant supplement form outside Europe.

The defining visual feature, and the key to its pharmacology, is that bilberry flesh is pigmented all the way through — a deep red-purple inside as well as out. Cut a bilberry open and it stains your fingers; cut a cultivated blueberry open and the flesh is pale green-white. That whole-flesh pigmentation reflects a far higher anthocyanin concentration, and it is the reason bilberry, not blueberry, became the berry of choice for early European phytotherapy research.

Beyond anthocyanins, bilberry fruit supplies vitamin C, vitamin E, manganese, dietary fiber, and a spectrum of other polyphenols including flavonols (quercetin, myricetin), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid), and tannins. The leaves — used traditionally as a tea for blood-sugar and urinary complaints — have a different chemistry and are not the focus of the standardized extracts discussed here.

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Bilberry vs. Blueberry

Bilberry and the cultivated blueberry are close botanical relatives — both belong to the genus Vaccinium — and they are often confused, but they are distinct species with meaningful differences:

• Species — Bilberry is Vaccinium myrtillus (a single European species); cultivated blueberries are mostly North American species, principally highbush Vaccinium corymbosum and lowbush/wild Vaccinium angustifolium.
• Flesh color — Bilberry is pigmented throughout (red-purple flesh); blueberry flesh is pale and translucent. This is the single most reliable way to tell them apart.
• Anthocyanin content — Bilberry typically contains substantially more total anthocyanin per gram than cultivated highbush blueberry, with the difference concentrated in the flesh. Wild lowbush blueberries close the gap somewhat but generally remain below bilberry.
• Growth habit — Bilberries grow as single (or paired) berries on low wild shrubs and are wild-harvested; blueberries grow in dense clusters on cultivated bushes and are farmed at scale.
• Size and taste — Bilberries are smaller, softer, and more intensely tart-sweet; blueberries are larger, firmer, and milder.

The practical upshot: for an equivalent serving, bilberry delivers more anthocyanins, which is why the clinical literature on anthocyanin-mediated effects (eye, vascular) leans heavily on bilberry extract. Blueberry, however, is far more accessible and affordable as a whole food and carries its own strong evidence base for cognitive and cardiometabolic health. The two are complementary, not interchangeable. Other notable anthocyanin-rich relatives include black currant, cranberry, lingonberry, and the deeply pigmented pomegranate.

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Anthocyanins & the Antioxidant Mechanism

Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of many fruits and flowers. In bilberry, the anthocyanins exist as anthocyanidins (the sugar-free aglycone cores) bound to sugars to form anthocyanin glycosides. Bilberry is unusual in containing all five of the major dietary anthocyanidins — delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin — each attached to glucose, galactose, or arabinose, yielding roughly 15 distinct anthocyanin compounds. Delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides predominate.

As antioxidants, anthocyanins work through several complementary routes:

• Direct free-radical scavenging — the catechol and pyrogallol hydroxyl groups on the anthocyanidin B-ring donate hydrogen atoms and electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite) and reactive nitrogen species, terminating oxidative chain reactions.
• Metal chelation — anthocyanins bind catalytic transition metals (iron, copper) that would otherwise drive Fenton-type radical generation.
• Indirect (Nrf2) antioxidant signaling — rather than acting only as sacrificial scavengers, anthocyanins and their metabolites activate the Nrf2–ARE transcription pathway, upregulating the body's own antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, heme oxygenase-1). This is increasingly viewed as the more durable mechanism, since circulating anthocyanin concentrations are low.
• Collagen and capillary stabilization — anthocyanins cross-link and protect collagen fibers, inhibit collagen-degrading enzymes (collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase), and reduce capillary permeability and fragility — the basis of bilberry's classic vascular reputation.
• Anti-inflammatory enzyme modulation — downregulation of NF-κB signaling, COX-2, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6).

An important pharmacokinetic caveat frames all of this: intact anthocyanins are poorly absorbed, with bioavailability often estimated at well under 1% of the ingested dose, and they are rapidly metabolized. Much of their in-vivo activity is now attributed to their breakdown products — phenolic acids such as protocatechuic acid — and to extensive metabolism by the gut microbiome, which converts anthocyanins into smaller, more absorbable, biologically active phenolics. This means bilberry's benefits are unlikely to be explained by simple "high-ORAC antioxidant" arguments alone; cell-signaling and microbiome-mediated effects are central. This is conceptually parallel to other polyphenol antioxidants such as quercetin and grape-derived oligomeric proanthocyanidins (grape seed extract).

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The WWII RAF Night-Vision Story

No discussion of bilberry is complete without the origin myth. The popular story holds that during World War II, Royal Air Force night-fighter pilots ate bilberry jam before sorties and reported dramatically improved night vision, and that this anecdote spurred scientific interest in bilberry's effect on the eye.

The historical reality is almost certainly that the night-vision story was wartime disinformation. The RAF's genuine edge in nighttime interception came from newly developed airborne radar (AI — Airborne Interception radar), a closely guarded secret. To explain why British pilots were so effective at finding enemy aircraft in the dark without revealing the existence of radar, the cover story credited the pilots' carrot- and bilberry-rich diets and superior night vision. The carrot version of this myth became so entrenched that it still drives the popular belief that "carrots help you see in the dark." Bilberry got swept into the same legend.

So what does modern evidence actually show? When researchers put the night-vision claim to a rigorous test, it did not hold up. The most cited example is a 2000 placebo-controlled crossover trial by Muth, Laurent, and Jasper in healthy young men with good vision, which found no significant improvement in night visual acuity or contrast sensitivity from bilberry extract. A 2004 systematic review by Canter and Ernst examined the placebo-controlled trials on bilberry and night vision and concluded the evidence did not support a beneficial effect in healthy people with normal vision.

The honest summary: bilberry does not turn a person with normal vision into a night-vision specialist. The wartime night-vision legend is folklore, not pharmacology. What bilberry does have credible evidence for — eye-strain relief, microvascular support in the retina, and effects in specific eye conditions — is discussed next, and it is more nuanced and more interesting than the myth. Keeping this distinction clear is exactly the kind of "myth versus measured evidence" framing that separates good antioxidant information from marketing.

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Benefit: Eye Health, Retina & Night Vision

Setting the night-vision myth aside, bilberry anthocyanins have a plausible and partly supported role in ocular health. The eye is unusually vulnerable to oxidative stress — it is exposed to constant light, has very high oxygen consumption in the retina, and packs polyunsaturated fatty acids (prone to peroxidation) into photoreceptor membranes. Anthocyanins concentrate in vascular and pigmented tissues, scavenge radicals, and stabilize the fine capillary network that feeds the retina.

Asthenopia (eye strain / fatigue). This is the area with the most consistent positive human data. Several randomized, placebo-controlled trials — including work by Kosehira and colleagues and by Ozawa and colleagues using standardized bilberry extract in subjects with screen-related (VDT) eye strain — reported reductions in subjective eye fatigue and ocular discomfort. The effect sizes are modest and the populations are people with computer-use eye strain rather than disease, but the signal is real and reproducible enough that bilberry is widely used in Japan and Europe as an "eye-fatigue" supplement.

Retinal microvascular and degenerative conditions. Because anthocyanins reduce capillary permeability and oxidative damage, bilberry has been studied in diabetic retinopathy and in early/dry age-related macular degeneration, often in combination products. Some small European trials report improvements in retinal vascular markers, but the studies are generally older, small, and methodologically limited, so the evidence remains suggestive rather than definitive. Bilberry is best regarded as adjunctive support for retinal vascular health, not a treatment for macular degeneration or diabetic eye disease. For macular protection, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin and the marine carotenoid astaxanthin have a stronger, more specific evidence base.

Glaucoma and intraocular pressure. A small number of studies (notably combination products pairing bilberry-type anthocyanins with pine-bark proanthocyanidins) have reported reductions in intraocular pressure and improvements in ocular blood flow. These are early, small studies and bilberry should not replace prescribed glaucoma therapy.

Cataract and lens protection. Mechanistically, anthocyanin antioxidant activity could help limit oxidative damage to the lens, the process underlying cataract formation, but direct clinical evidence in humans is sparse.

Bottom line on the eye: good evidence for relieving eye strain/fatigue; plausible but limited evidence for retinal microvascular support; no support for enhancing normal night vision.

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Benefit: Microcirculation & Venous Tone

The most pharmacologically coherent of bilberry's benefits is its effect on small blood vessels. This is the use for which bilberry standardized extract (sold in Europe under names like Tegens and Myrtocyan, standardized to 36% anthocyanins / 25% anthocyanidins) was originally developed and registered as a vascular-protective agent.

Anthocyanins act on the microvasculature in several ways: they protect and stabilize the collagen and elastin of vessel walls, reduce capillary permeability and fragility, inhibit the enzymes that break down the connective-tissue matrix around vessels, and improve endothelial function and nitric-oxide–mediated vasodilation. The net effect is sturdier, less leaky capillaries and improved venous tone.

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). This is where the human evidence is strongest. Bilberry anthocyanin extract has been studied for the leg symptoms of CVI — aching, heaviness, swelling, tingling, and the appearance of varicose veins. A frequently cited systematic review by Gizzi and colleagues, and earlier European trials, reported symptomatic improvement in CVI with standardized bilberry extract. The mechanism (reduced capillary leakage, improved venous tone) fits the symptom relief well, and bilberry occupies a similar niche to other venotonic flavonoid extracts like grape seed and pine bark.

Capillary fragility and bruising. By the same capillary-stabilizing mechanism, bilberry has been used for conditions of increased capillary fragility, easy bruising, and microbleeds — effects that overlap with the "vitamin P" (flavonoid) tradition.

Diabetic and hypertensive microangiopathy. Because small-vessel damage is a core complication of diabetes and hypertension, the capillary-protective profile of bilberry has driven interest in microangiopathy of the retina, kidney, and peripheral tissues. The evidence here is mechanistically reasonable but clinically preliminary.

This venous/capillary application is bilberry's clearest traditional and clinical identity, and it is closely related to the use of grape seed proanthocyanidins for the same indications — both are oligomeric/polymeric flavonoids that stabilize the vascular matrix.

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Benefit: Blood Sugar & Metabolic Effects

Bilberry has a long folk reputation as an anti-diabetic plant — the leaves were traditionally brewed as a tea to lower blood sugar — and modern research has revisited both fruit and leaf for metabolic effects.

The proposed mechanisms include inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) by anthocyanins, slowing the post-meal rise in glucose; improved insulin sensitivity via anthocyanin signaling in muscle and liver; activation of AMPK (a master metabolic regulator); and reduced oxidative and inflammatory stress in insulin-responsive tissues.

Human evidence is encouraging but modest. A controlled study by Hoggard and colleagues (2013) found that a bilberry-enriched supplement improved glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Postprandial-glucose studies — including work by Kolehmainen and colleagues on bilberry and inflammatory/metabolic markers — have reported favorable effects on the glucose and insulin response when bilberry is consumed with a carbohydrate load. Animal studies of bilberry and the related anthocyanin C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) more consistently show improved insulin sensitivity and reduced hyperglycemia.

The fair conclusion is that bilberry, as part of a polyphenol-rich diet, may modestly blunt post-meal glucose spikes and support metabolic health, but it is an adjunct to — never a replacement for — established management of diabetes and insulin resistance. Anyone on glucose-lowering medication should monitor closely (see Cautions).

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Benefit: Anti-Inflammatory & Vascular Protection

Beyond the eye and the capillary bed, bilberry anthocyanins exert broad anti-inflammatory and cardiometabolic effects that connect its various uses.

Systemic inflammation. Anthocyanins suppress NF-κB–driven transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and lower circulating inflammatory markers. A notable randomized trial by Kolehmainen and colleagues (2012) found that regular consumption of bilberries reduced low-grade inflammation in subjects with features of metabolic syndrome, with downregulation of inflammation-associated gene expression.

Lipids and endothelial function. By protecting LDL from oxidation, improving nitric-oxide–mediated vasodilation, and reducing vascular inflammation, anthocyanin-rich berries support endothelial health — the inner lining of blood vessels whose dysfunction is an early step in atherosclerosis. Habitual anthocyanin intake from berries has been associated in large cohort studies with lower cardiovascular risk, though those associations are not bilberry-specific.

Gut and inflammatory bowel disease. An open-label pilot study by Biedermann and colleagues (2013) reported that a standardized anthocyanin-rich bilberry preparation induced clinical and endoscopic improvement in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis — consistent with anthocyanins' local anti-inflammatory action in the gut and their extensive metabolism by colonic bacteria. This is preliminary but biologically interesting given how much anthocyanin activity occurs in the colon.

Antioxidant defense and aging. By upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes through Nrf2, bilberry contributes to the broader anti-oxidative-stress toolkit alongside endogenous and supplemental antioxidants such as glutathione, NAC, and alpha lipoic acid, and addresses the same oxidative-stress biology covered under oxidative stress.

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Forms & Standardization (% Anthocyanins)

Because bilberry's actives are the anthocyanins and because fresh wild fruit is hard to obtain outside Europe, standardized extract is the dominant supplement form and the form used in most clinical trials. Standardization is the single most important quality variable.

• Standardized extract (36% anthocyanins / 25% anthocyanidins) — the clinical gold standard. The classic European pharmaceutical-grade bilberry extracts (Myrtocyan, marketed as Tegens) are standardized to 36% anthocyanins, equivalent to 25% anthocyanidins. When a study cites "bilberry extract," this is usually the material. Look for this exact standardization on the label.
• 25% anthocyanidin extracts — the same standard expressed as the aglycone; functionally equivalent to the 36%-anthocyanin standard.
• Dried fruit / powder — whole dried bilberry or fruit powder retains the full polyphenol spectrum and fiber but has far lower and more variable anthocyanin concentration, so doses must be much larger.
• Bilberry juice and jam — traditional food forms; pleasant but dilute and often sugar-laden. Not a reliable way to hit research-level anthocyanin doses.
• Leaf extract / tea — chemically distinct from the fruit (different actives, used traditionally for blood sugar and urinary complaints). Bilberry leaf can be hepatotoxic and is unsafe in large or prolonged doses — do not assume fruit-extract safety applies to the leaf.
• Combination products — bilberry is frequently combined with lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, grape seed, or pine-bark proanthocyanidins in eye- and vascular-support formulas.

Quality and adulteration warning: Bilberry extract is expensive and wild-harvested, which makes it a frequent target for adulteration — cheaper anthocyanin sources (other berries, mulberry, black rice, even synthetic dyes like amaranth) are sometimes used to fake the anthocyanin assay. Independent analyses have repeatedly found bilberry products that fail to match their labeled profile. Buy from reputable brands that document the authentic Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanin fingerprint and ideally provide third-party testing.

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Recommended Dosage

Doses below refer to standardized extract (36% anthocyanins / 25% anthocyanidins) unless otherwise noted. Anthocyanins are water-soluble; bilberry can be taken with or without food, though taking it with a meal is gentle on the stomach.

• Eye strain / asthenopia and general eye support — commonly 80–160 mg of standardized extract once or twice daily; many eye-fatigue trials used roughly 160–240 mg/day.
• Chronic venous insufficiency / microcirculation — the classic European protocol is 160 mg of standardized extract twice daily (320 mg/day), the dose used in much of the venous literature.
• General antioxidant / vascular maintenance — 80–160 mg/day of standardized extract is a reasonable maintenance range.
• Metabolic / blood-sugar support — studies have used standardized extract in the 160–320 mg/day range, or larger amounts of whole bilberry/fruit powder; effects are modest and adjunctive.
• Whole dried fruit — traditional use ranges from roughly 20–60 g of dried fruit per day, reflecting the much lower anthocyanin density of unconcentrated fruit.

Onset and duration. Eye-strain and venous-symptom benefits typically emerge over 2–8 weeks of consistent use rather than acutely. Bilberry is well tolerated for long-term use at these doses; the venous extracts have decades of European clinical use behind them. There is no established upper limit for the standardized fruit extract, but more is not necessarily better given the low bioavailability ceiling — consistency matters more than megadosing.

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Cautions and Contraindications

Bilberry fruit and standardized fruit extract have an excellent safety record, with centuries of dietary use and decades of clinical use in Europe. The most important cautions are about specific situations and about the leaf.

• Bilberry leaf is not bilberry fruit — the leaf (and high-dose leaf tea/extract) can be hepatotoxic and is potentially unsafe in large or prolonged amounts. Cautions for the fruit do not transfer to the leaf, and the leaf should not be used in high doses or for long periods. The benefits described on this page refer to the fruit/standardized fruit extract.
• Blood sugar — antidiabetic drugs — because bilberry can modestly lower blood glucose, combining it with insulin or oral hypoglycemics (metformin, sulfonylureas, etc.) could theoretically increase the risk of hypoglycemia. People with diabetes should monitor blood glucose when starting bilberry and coordinate with their clinician.
• Bleeding and antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs — high doses of anthocyanin extract may have mild antiplatelet/blood-thinning effects and could theoretically add to the action of warfarin, DOACs, aspirin, clopidogrel, or NSAIDs. Caution and clinician awareness are warranted, especially before surgery; discontinue high-dose extract about two weeks before elective surgery.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding — bilberry fruit as food is considered safe; the safety of concentrated extract in pregnancy and lactation has not been established, so medicinal doses are best avoided unless advised by a clinician.
• GI effects — uncommon and mild (loose stools, mild stomach upset), usually at higher doses; taking with food helps.
• Product authenticity — because adulteration is common (see Forms), an ineffective or mislabeled product is a more realistic "risk" than toxicity; choose verified Vaccinium myrtillus extract.

As always, bilberry is a supplement and a food, not a treatment for eye disease, vascular disease, or diabetes. Use it as an adjunct alongside, not instead of, appropriate medical care.

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Key Research Papers

The citations below are peer-reviewed studies and reviews on Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) anthocyanins. Author names, titles, and journals are given as plain text; the linked year/volume/pages resolves to the DOI or PubMed record.

1. Muth ER, Laurent JM, Jasper P. The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Alternative Medicine Review. 2000;5(2):164–173 (PMID 10767672).
2. Canter PH, Ernst E. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision — a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2004;49(1):38–50.
3. Kosehira M, Machida N, Kitaichi N. A 12-week-long intake of bilberry extract improves objective findings of ciliary muscle contraction of the eye: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):600.
4. Ozawa Y, Kawashima M, Inoue S, et al. Bilberry extract supplementation for preventing eye fatigue in video display terminal workers. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2015;19(5):548–554.
5. Chu W, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). In: Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd ed. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011 (NCBI Bookshelf NBK92770).
6. Gizzi C, Belcaro G, Gizzi G, et al. Bilberry extracts are not created equal: the role of non-anthocyanin fraction. Discovering the antiangiogenic and antioxidant properties of standardized bilberry extracts. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2016;20(11):2418–2424 (PMID 27097960).
7. Kolehmainen M, Mykkänen O, Kirjavainen PV, et al. Bilberries reduce low-grade inflammation in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2012;56(10):1501–1510.
8. Hoggard N, Cruickshank M, Moar KM, et al. A single supplement of a standardised bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract improves glucose tolerance and reduces blood lipids in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2013;2:e22.
9. Biedermann L, Mwinyi J, Scharl M, et al. Bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis — an open pilot study. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. 2013;7(4):271–279.
10. Chu WK, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF. Bilberry anthocyanins and eye health: mechanisms and evidence — see review by Wang Y, et al. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of bilberry in eye disorders. Antioxidants. 2021;10(8):1266.
11. Kalt W, Cassidy A, Howard LR, et al. Recent research on the health benefits of blueberries and their anthocyanins. Advances in Nutrition. 2020;11(2):224–236.
12. Mauray A, Milenkovic D, Besson C, et al. Atheroprotective effects of bilberry extract in apo E-deficient mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;57(23):11106–11111.

Live PubMed Searches

1. PubMed: Vaccinium myrtillus bilberry anthocyanins
2. PubMed: bilberry night vision visual acuity
3. PubMed: bilberry eye fatigue asthenopia
4. PubMed: bilberry venous insufficiency microcirculation
5. PubMed: bilberry blood glucose diabetes
6. PubMed: anthocyanin inflammation NF-kB
7. PubMed: bilberry retina diabetic retinopathy
8. PubMed: anthocyanin bioavailability gut microbiota

External Authoritative Resources

• NCCIH — Bilberry
• MedlinePlus — Bilberry
• NCBI Bookshelf — Bilberry (Herbal Medicine, 2nd ed.)
• PubMed — All research on Vaccinium myrtillus

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Connections

• All Antioxidants
• Blueberries (close relative)
• Quercetin
• Grape Seed Extract
• Astaxanthin
• Glutathione
• NAC
• Alpha Lipoic Acid
• Coenzyme Q10
• Spirulina
• Pomegranate
• Macular Degeneration
• Cataracts
• Glaucoma
• Diabetes
• Insulin Resistance
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Oxidative Stress

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